How Weather Affects Fall Colors

Nothing says autumn quite like a lazy drive through the countryside with the sun illuminating oranges, reds, and yellows in the treetops. But before planning a day of leaf-peeping, its a good idea to check local and regional weather forecasts—and not simply for travel weather purposes. Weather conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and amount of sunlight, actually determine how vibrant (or not) fall colors will be. Leaf Pigment Leaves have a functional purpose for trees: They produce energy for the entire plant. Their broad shape makes them good for capturing sunlight. Once absorbed, the sunlight interacts with carbon dioxide and water within the leaf to produce sugars and oxygen in a process known as photosynthesis. The plant molecule responsible for this process is called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is responsible for giving a leaf its trademark green color. But chlorophyll isnt the only pigment residing within leaves. Yellow and orange pigments (xanthophylls and carotenoids) are also present; these remain hidden for most of the year because chlorophyll masks them. Chlorophyll is continually depleted by sunlight and is replenished by the leaf through the growing season. Only when chlorophyll levels subside do the other pigments  become visible. Why Leaves Change Color While a number of factors (including weather) influence the brilliance of leaf color, only one event is responsible for  triggering  the decline of chlorophyll:  the shorter daylight and longer overnight hours associated with the change in season from summer to fall. Plants depend on light for energy, but the amount they get changes through the seasons. Beginning on the summer solstice, Earths daylight hours gradually decrease and its nighttime hours gradually increase. This trend continues until the shortest day and longest night is reached on December 21 or 22 each year (the winter solstice). As the nights progressively lengthen and cool, a trees cells begin the process of sealing off its leaves in preparation for winter. During winter, temperatures are too cold, sunlight too dim, and water too scarce and susceptible to freezing to support growth. A corky barrier is formed between each branch and each leaf stem. This cellular membrane blocks the flow of nutrients into the leaf, which also stops the leaf from making new chlorophyll. Chlorophyll production slows and eventually stops. The old chlorophyll begins to decompose, and when its all gone, the leafs green color lifts. In the absence of chlorophyll, the leafs yellow and orange hues dominate. As sugars become trapped inside the leaf by the trees sealant, red and purple (anthocyanins) pigments are also created. Whether by decomposition or by freezing, all of these pigments eventually break down. After this happens, only browns (tannins) are left. Effects of Weather According to the U.S.  National Arboretum, heres how the following weather conditions at each stage of the leaf growing season work to the benefit or detriment of  foliage come September, October, and November: During spring, a wet growing season is ideal.  Drought conditions during the spring (the beginning of the leaf growing season)  can cause the sealing barrier between leaf stem and tree branch to form earlier than normal. This, in turn, can lead to an early shutdown of leaves: Theyll drop before theyve had a chance to develop fall coloration.From summer into early autumn, sunny days and cool nights are desirable.  While adequate moisture is good during the early growing season, it works to mute colors in the early fall. Cool temperatures and abundant sunshine cause chlorophyll to be destroyed more rapidly (recall that chlorophyll breaks down with exposure to light), thus allowing yellows and oranges to be revealed sooner, and also promoting the formation of more anthocyanins.  While cool is best, too cold is detrimental. Freezing temperatures and frosts can kill thin and fragile leaves.During autumn, calm days prolong viewing opportunities.  Once the autumn season arrives, l eaves need time for the buildup of chlorophyll to entirely fade and their dormant pigments to fully take over. Gusty winds and hard rains can cause leaves to fall before their full color potential is reached. The conditions that make for spectacular autumn color displays are a moist growing season followed by a dry autumn with warm, sunny days and cool (but not freezing) nights.

Leadership Case Problem a Is Margo Too Macro - 778 Words

Case Study 2 Leadership Case Problem A: Is Margo too Macro? Thomas Edison State College 1. To what extent has Margo Santelli chosen the right approach to leading the managers in her unit of the financial services firm? The interviews conducted by Laura reveal mixed results about Margo’s leadership style and perception. Three of the four managers felt that Margo was too â€Å"macro†, leaning almost, if not completely, to a laissez-faire leadership style. As Dubrin, 2010, argues â€Å"†¦employees managed by a laissez-faire leader experience ambiguity.† Dubrin goes further to explain that studies have concluded that these employees who face ambiguity face difficulties when prioritizing work, due to lack of direction. (p. 114) Margo’s style†¦show more content†¦4. Explain whether or not you think Laura was justified in asking Margo’s direct reports about Margo’s approach to leadership. Laura reached out to Margo, and asked for her permission to approach and investigate Margo’s direct reports. As the branch director, it is Laura’s responsibility to supervise and manage Margo and examine her effectiveness as a leader, as well as ensure positive outcomes for the organization and business. Laura could have taken the approach to conduct a survey within the group, before approaching each manager directly, which may have undermined what little credibility Margo had within her group. However, as a branch manager, she felt that the rumblings within the company were enough to approach Margo immediately. Moreover, after reading the feedback, Laura was justified in approaching the group members, which allows her to report to Margo with direct feedback. References DuBrin, A. J. (2010). Leadership: research findings, practice, and skills (6th ed.). Mason, OH: South Western CenageShow MoreRelatedBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesbias against innovation and the pressure to invest elsewhere, are special problems facing strong brands. They can be caused by arrogance but are more often caused by complacency coupled with pride and/or greed. The final reason is the pressure for short-term results that pervades organizations. The irony is that internal forces and biases, which are under the control of the organization, cause many of the formidable problems facing brand builders today. 1. Pressure To Compete On Price ThereRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesthis time most issues that are now commonly associated with marketing were either assumed to fall within basic concepts of economics (e.g., price setting was viewed as a simple supply/demand issue), advertising (well developed by 1900), or in most cases were simply not yet explored (e.g., customer purchase behavior, importance of distribution partners). Lead by marketing scholars from several major universities, the development of marketing was in large part motivated by the need to dissect in greater

Does Act 1 Prepare The Reader For free essay sample

The Rest Of The Play? Essay, Research Paper Write about the dramatic effectivity of act 1 and how it prepares the reader for what is to come.Macbeth is a calamity written by the dramatist William Shakespeare in the twelvemonth 1606. The narrative Tells of a immature adult male called Macbeth who is given three prognostications by three enchantresss and kills the male monarch in an effort to do them come true. The moral to the narrative was that in the terminal Macbeth went brainsick and died distressingly hence demoing that people who tried to kill the male monarch would endure. The clip that this drama was written is of import for two grounds. The first is that at the clip when it was foremost performed people would hold believed strongly in witchery and immorality. To them it seemed highly realistic and awful and hence the whole drama would hold had more of an consequence on audiences so than modern twenty-four hours viewing audiences whose beliefs are different. The 2nd ground is that James 1 was king at this clip and merely one twelvemonth before an effort on his life had been made in the signifier of the well known Gunpowder Plot. The drama helped deter anyone from seeking to withstand the Godhead right of the male monarch and so helped maintain him safe while royals and Lords regarded Shakespeare better for the secret plan. The really first scene of the drama is that of three enchantresss standing in a bare country intonation and cursing in stormy conditions. Straight off the audience has been given a really dramatic image and has seen the really first of the immorality in the drama. The conditions creates an uneasy ambiance demoing that immorality is present and besides signifies rebellion in the land. As the enchantresss are speaking in conundrums and rimes Macbeths name is mentioned. This suggests that Macbeth is cursed right from the really get downing as he has already been associated with the immorality of the enchantresss. Because the audience would hold known this they can state that the remainder of the drama will be based around sinister and evil departures on and Macbeth is traveling to be in the center of it all. In scene two the audience are given an thought of what Macbeth was like before the enchantresss interfered. Here he is described as a leader, loyal to the male monarch and brave. This shows that before run intoing the enchantresss Macbeth was a good honest adult male and hence all his actions form here forth were the influence of the enchantresss? immorality. The audience would hold foremost seen Macbeth in scene three as here he and Banquo enter the heath where the enchantresss are. Macbeth is shortly told of the three prognostications but at the clip is still his loyal ego and denies even the possibility that they could come true. He seems bewildered to believe that he could go male monarch and says that there is already a male monarch. The idea that he would hold to kill him had non even entered his caput and the immorality had no consequence on him until he hears that he is Thane of Cawdor and the first prognostication had come true. Macbeth starts to believe that if one came true so the others could to. However he tries to deny this and calls the ideas? ? horrid image? , ? atrocious imaginings? . This shows that there is still a good side to Macbeth although the witchery is get downing to take over. The audience would hold been able to see that Macbeth is acquiring somewhat more evil by the 2nd and so it should come to no surprise to them that by the terminal of the drama there is non an guiltless bone in his organic structure. The following scene shows Macbeth go toing a formal juncture at Duncan? s palace. Here he finds out that Malcolm is heir to the throne and he instantly begins to be after on killing him and this is an broad hint to the audience that Macbeth is going more baleful and Malcolm will be killed shortly in the hereafter. Lady Macbeth is seen for the first clip in scene five. She is found reading a missive from her hubby stating her of the prognostications and the atrocious ideas he has been holding. Bing a adult female the viewing audiences would hold expected her to seek and deter Macbeth from any programs he may hold had. However Lady Macbeth say that Macbeth is? ? excessively full O? Thursday? milk of human kindness? . She is stating that she thinks Macbeth is excessively sort and weak to kill the male monarch and that he will necessitate her aid to make so. She asks God to? ? unsex me here? intending she wants all her womanly charms taken off so hat she will hold no fright in perpetrating slaying. From this scene and the following the audience can state that Lady Macbeth is evil. She is his first ally in the planning of the slaying and a strong influence over him. Therefore you can state that her immorality will originate subsequently in the drama. In scene six Lady Macbeth negotiations to King Duncan and is complimentary. However she is merely utilizing advice she had given to Macbeth that he should? ? Look like Thursday? guiltless flower, but be the snake under? T? ? This tells the audience that whoever may look inexperienced person in the drama is non needfully so and the lovingness sincere sides of Lady Macbeth and her hubby are merely false foreparts in the scenes to follow. The last scene of Act 1 is of Lady Macbeth seeking to carry Macbeth to perpetrate the slaying. She uses three different techniques to make so and Begins by utilizing herself as an illustration. She uses coarse comparings such as stating that she would easy kill her ain babe if she thought she had the demand seeking to demo him that she would make what is needed to acquire where she wants, so he should excessively. When this doesn? t work Lady Macbeth resorts to dissing Macbeth? s manhood and claims that he will be a lesser adult male if he can? t go through with it. By making this the audience will now tie in Lady Macbeth with enchantresss and their immorality, as it was believed that enchantresss used to do work forces impotent hence endangering their position and power. As a 3rd persuasive technique Lady Macbeth uses Macbeth? s love for her against him stating that if he kills Duncan he will be turn outing his love towards her. From the beginning of this scene Macbeth is quoted to state? ? We will continue no farther in this concern. ? However by he terminal of Lady Macbeth? s address he says? ? I am settled and flex up. ? This shows how easy Lady Macbeth can raise her immorality on Macbeth and intimations that if she can convert him to make this there are no bounds to how far she can force him so there may be worse to come subsequently on. Over all I believe that three chief factors influenced Macbeth into killing Duncan. The first was Lady Macbeth, as she represented the immorality in other people. She had a batch of control over Macbeth and provoked him into the violent deaths. On the whole she is more to fault for the deceases than Macbeth as she is of course baleful and ever has been where as Macbeth was influenced by the 2nd factor, the enchantresss. I believe that the enchantresss were largely to fault for Macbeth? s actions as they gave him the ground to kill Duncan. However I think that the 3rd factor that influenced Macbeth was the greed and bloody-minded aspiration inside him. The enchantresss may hold provoked his actions by puting him ends and engrafting the thought of what could go on but it was his ain enticement that drove him to the slaying. All of these factors are still at that place at the terminal of act 1 and it is obvious that they will re-emerge in the other Acts of the Apostless to follow. The audience knows that Lady Macbeth will be near to him a she is his married woman so more of her immorality will rub off on him. They besides know that one time greed begins it can gyrate out of control so it is likely that Macbeth will hold to make more and more to acquire to his purpose. In decision I think that act 1 does fix the audience for what is to come. The audience have seen the evil merely coming out in Macbeth and cognize it is set to turn and turn, they besides know which people influence him and merely how much control they have over what his actions. The viewing audiences have besides heard where Macbeth is said to stop up and cognize that he is improbable to halt at anything until he is king therefore they should be prepared for what is to come.